Stellar and Intergalactic Astronomy Overview

603 Overview

1. Stellar Lifespan and Galactic Connection

2. Interstellar Distances

3. Thermal and Brightness Classification

4. Characteristics of the Sun

5. Detailed Solar Composition 

6. Stellar Energy Generation

7. Internal Structure of the Sun

8. Stellar Spectral Analysis

9. Spectral Lines and Classification 

10. The Interstellar Medium - ISM

11. Early Star Formation

12. Evolution and the H-R Diagram

13. Formation Mass, Temperature and ZAMS

Mars Ancient Shorelines

Valleys, paleolakes and possible shorelines at the Libya Montes/Isidis boundary
Erkeling et al. 2012 - The landforms are indicative of aqueous activity and standing bodies of water, including lakes, seas and oceans, that are attributed to a complex hydrologic cycle that may have once existed on Mars in the Noachian (>3.7 Ga) and perhaps also in the Hesperian (>3.1 Ga). Additional information on Erkeling's paper can be found here.

https://www.dropbox.com/s/ckle1a0ad8qlvvd/Valleys%2C%20paleolakes%20and%20possible%20shorelines%20at%20the%20Libya%20Montes%20-%20Erkeling%202012.pdf

Focus on the Libya Montes region

A closer view - North of the cliffs, small valleys that follow the local gradient toward the center of the Isidis basin postdate the formation of the cliffs and are incised into the plains (Fig. 9A). The small valleys originate exclusively north of the possible cliffs and are therefore not connected with the valley networks identified in the Libya Montes. Similar to the possible glacial morphologies we identified near the Libya/Isidis contact at -2500 m (Fig. 5G),the smooth exterior plains of the Isidis basin also show landforms possibly formed by glacial processes. The shoreline demonstrates 

Lake level at -2500